What is Art for Me Essay Example for Free

What is Art for Me Essay Art is everywhere. It can be tangible or intangible. It can be seen, sometimes heard. It has several forms. Also, there are several ways on how a person can be pleased about a piece of art. One of the things I have learned from this course, HUM 1, is that art in its simplest form is still art. Yes, people may see things differently but there will always be something that will suit our taste. Art surpasses the view of what can be seen and at times, it values beauty over functionality. Art can truly be judged by you, the individual, as far as you, yourself, are concerned, by only one measure. It is not a static but an energy measure. Do not ask what the art is or ought to be, for this is debatable and will inevitably lead to an endless argument. Ask only what it does – not what it does to somebody else, for this again is only hearsay, but what it does to you. No matter how good a painting may be by any and all theoretical aesthetic standards, if it does not do something special to you, then you will seemingly be uninterested about it. Now, let’s take a look at art and the technological advancements our world is bringing forth. When you think deeper, you’ll get to realize both the good and bad sides. The good thing about it is that art joins the flow of evolution and thus it is not outdated. A bad thing is that there are a lot of masterpieces that are wrongly claimed by people who are not the artist to be credited for. Well, obviously, art is something that is timeless. It develops and further develops. The way art is becoming is art itself. It is vital to appreciate art critically but with an open mind, because there are still patterns that are important to follow when we want to discover what it is made of or why was it created. Everything depends on the significance or the meaning the artist wants to give and the impact that he wants to give to the spectators. They might start with different things in mind but when a connection between them is established, rest assured that they’ll both understand what the artwork’s story really is.

Components Of An Information System Information Technology Essay

Components Of An Information System Information Technology Essay The purpose of this report is to give an analysis of MIS policies of Ufone Telecommunication Ltd. We evaluate the weaknesses and strengths. We will find MIS policies in organization and how far they are contributing to the business plan and we will also find how to improve the quality of product and the pressure of customers and frustrated employees. Analyzing the overall MIS approach in Ufone, we discuss the three policies. These policies do have a lot of weaknesses in them with some strong points as well. At the end we give our recommendation about how these MIS policies can be effective once again and how they can improve the production level through reward system. Ufone needs some immediate and drastic changes to keep the business going Ufone is a subsidiary of Pakistan Telecommunication Company. Government heads Pakistan Telecommunication Company. It is the only Pakistani-owned cellular service provider in the country. It was founded 9 years ago with a fundamental target to build one unique telecommunications entity of Pakistan identity. Government adopted Ufone in January 2001, since then it has seen a dynamic and full throttled speed of development and prosperity. PTML, a 100% owned subsidiary of PTCL was established to operate cellular GSM 900 services. The company commenced its operations, under the brand name of Ufone, from Islamabad on January 29, 2001. Ufone expanded its coverage and has added new cities and highways to its coverage network. Ufone now covers over 300 key cities and prominent highways across Pakistan providing the customers best quality service and value for money. With a total current investment of over $350 Million, including a contract of $161 Million for expansion capacity for 2006-07, PTML believes in solid commitment to growth, security reliability. Ufone uses Siemenss infrastructure, and gets ongoing superior technological support from Siemens. Most importantly, it has Siemenss support in business Management. System Concepts: A system can be simply defined as a group of interrelated or interacting elements forming a unified whole. Many examples of systems can be found in the physical and biological sciences, in modern technology, and in human society. Thus, we can talk of the physical system of the sun and its planets, the biological system of the human body, the technological system of an oil refinery, and the socioeconomic system of a business organization. A system is a group of interrelated components working together toward a common goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organized transformation process. Such a system (sometimes called a dynamic system) has three basic interacting components or functions: Input involves capturing and assembling elements that enter the system to be processed. For example, raw materials, energy, data, and human efforts must be secured and organized for processing. Processing involves transformation process that converts input into output. Examples are a manufacturing process, the human breathing process, or mathematical calculations. Output involves transferring elements that have been produced by a transformation process to their ultimate destination. For example, finished products, human services, and management information must be transmitted to their human users. Example A manufacturing system accepts raw materials as input and produces finished goods as output. An information system also is a system that accepts resources (data) as input and process the min to products (information) as output. FEEDBACK AND CONTROL: A system with feedback and control components is sometimes called a cybernetic system, that is, a self-monitoring, self-regulating system. Feedback is data about the performance of a system. For example, data about sales performance is feedback to a sales manager. Control involves monitoring and evaluating feedback to determine whether a system is moving toward the achievement of its goal. The control function then makes necessary adjustments to a systems input and processing components to ensure that it produces proper output. For example, a sales manager exercises control when he or she reassigns salespersons to new sales territories after evaluating feedback about their sales performance. Feedback is frequently included as part of the concept of the control function because it is such a necessary part of its operation. Example A familiar example of a self-monitoring, self-regulating system is the thermostat controlled heating system found in many homes; it automatically monitors and regulates itself to COMPONENTS OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM: An information system is a system that accepts data resources as input and processes them into information products as output. An information system depends on the resources of people (end users and IS specialists), hardware (machines and media), software (programs and procedures), data (data and knowledge basis), and networks (communications media and network support) to perform input, processing, output, storage, and control activities that convert data resources into information products. This information system model highlights the relationships among the components and activities of information systems. It provides a framework that emphasizes four major concepts that can be applied to all types of information systems: People, hardware, software, data, and networks are the five basic resources of information systems. A people resource include end users and IS specialists, hardware resources consisting of machines and media, software resources including both programs and HARDWARE RESOURCES. The concept of Hardware resources includes all physical devices and materials used in information processing. Specially, it includes not only machines, such as computers and other equipment, but also all data media, that is, all tangible objects on which data is recorded, from sheets of paper to magnetic disks. Example of hardware in computer-based information systems are: Computer systems, which consist of central processing units containing microprocessors, and variety of interconnected peripheral devices. Examples are microcomputer systems, midrange computer systems, and large mainframe computer systems. Computer peripherals, which are devices such as a keyboard or electronic mouse for input of data and commands, a video screen or printer for output of information, and magnetic or optical disks for storage of data resources. SOFTWARE RESOURCES: The concept of Software Resources includes all sets of information processing instructions. This generic concept of software includes not only the sets of operating instructions called programs, which direct and control computer hardware, but also the sets of information processing instructions needed by people, called procedures. It is important to understand that even information systems that dont use computers have a software resource component. This is true even for the information systems of ancient times, or the manual and machine-supported information systems still used in the world today. They all require software resources in the form of information processing instructions and procedures in order to properly capture, process, and disseminate information to their users. INFORMATION SYSTEM ACTIVITIES: You should be able to recognize input, processing, output, storage and control activities taking place in any information system you are studying. INPUT OF DATA RESOURCE: Data about business transactions and other events must be captured and prepared for processing by the input activity. Input typically takes the form of data entry activities such as recording and editing. End uses typically record data about transactions on some type of physical medium such as paper form, or enter it directly into a computer system. This usually includes a variety of editing activities to ensure that they have recorded data correctly. Once entered, data may be transferred onto a machine-readable medium such as a magnetic disk until needed for processing. For example, data about sales transactions can be recorded on source documents such as paper sales order forms. (A source document is the original formal record of a transaction). Alternately, salespersons can capture sales data using computer keyboards or optical scanning devices; they are visually prompted to enter data correctly by video displays. This provides them with a more convenient and efficient user interface, that is, methods of end user input and output with a computer system. Methods such as optical scanning and displays of menus, prompts, and fill-in-the-blanks formats make it easier for end users to enter data correctly into an information system. PROCESSING OF DATA INTO INFORMATION: Data is typically subjected to processing activities such as calculating, comparing, sorting, classifying, and summarizing. These activities organize, analyze and manipulate data, thus converting them into information for end users. The quality of any data stored in an information system must also be maintained by a continual process of correcting and updating activities. For example, data received about a purchase can be (1) added to a running total of sales results, (2) compared to a standard to determine eligibility for a sales discount, (3) sorted in numerical order based on product identification numbers, (4) classified into product categories (such as food and non-food items), (5) summarized to provide a sales manager with information about various product categories, and finally, (6) used to update sales records. OUTPUT OF INFORMATION PRODUCTS: Information in various forms is transmitted to end-users and made available to them in the output activity. The goal of information systems is the production of appropriate information products for end users. Common information products messages, reports, forms, and graphic images, which may be provided by video displays, audio responses, paper products, and multimedia. For example, a sales manager may view a video display to check on the performance of a salesperson, accept a computer-produced voice message by telephone, and receive a printout of monthly sales results. STORAGE OF DATA RESOURCE: Storage is a basic system component of information systems. Storage is the information system activity in which data and information are retained in an organized manner for later use. For example, just as written text material is organized into words, sentences, paragraphs, and documents, stored data is commonly organized into fields, records, files, and database. This facilitates its later use in processing or its retrieval as output when needed by users of a system. CONTROL OF SYSTEM PERFORMANCE: An important information system activity is the control of its performance. An information system should produce feedback about its input, processing, output, and the system is meeting established performance standards. Then appropriate system activities must be adjusted so that proper information products are produced for end users. For example, a manager may discover that subtotals of sales amounts in a sales report do not add up to total sales. This might mean that data entry or processing procedures need to be corrected. Then changes would have to be made to ensure that all sales transactions. would be properly captured and processed by a sales information system. RECOGNIZING INFORMATION SYSTEM: There are many kinds of information systems in the real world. All of them use hardware, software, network, and people resources to transform data resources into information products. Some are simple manual information systems, where people use simple tools such as pencils and paper, or even machines such as calculators and typewriters. Others are computer based information systems that rely on a variety of networked computer systems to accomplish their information processing activities. As business end user, you should be able to recognize the fundamental components of information systems you encounter in the real world. This means that you should be able to identify. The people, hardware, software, data, and network resources they use. The type of information products they produce. The way they perform input, processing, output, storage and control activities. How they support the business operations, managerial decision-making, or competitive advantage of a business. This kind of understanding will help you be a better user, developer, and manager of information system. THE EXPANDING ROLES OF INFORMATION SYSTEM: You will also see that the roles given to the information systems functions have expand significantly over the years. TRENDS INFORMATION SYSTEMS: Until the 1990s, the role of information systems was simple, transaction processing, record-keeping, accounting, and other electronic data processing (EDP) applications. Then another role was added, as the concept of management information system (MIS) was conceived. This new role focused on providing managerial end users with predefined management reports that would give managers the information they needed for decision making purposes. By the 1970s, it was evident that the pre-specified information products produced by such management information systems were not adequately meeting many of the (DSS) was born. The new role for information systems was to provide managerial end users with ad hoc and interactive support of their decision-making processes. MANAGEMENT SUPPORT SYSTEMS: When information systems focus on providing information and support for effective decision making by managers, they are called management support systems. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS: Management information systems (MIS) are the most common form of management support systems. They provide managerial end users with information products that support much of their day-to-day decision-making needs. Management information systems provide a variety of reports and displays to management. The contents of these information products are specified in advance by managers so that they contain information that managers need. Management information systems retrieve information about internal operations from database that have been updated by transaction processing systems. They also obtain data about the business environment from external source. Information products provided to managers include displays and reports that can be furnished (1) on demand, (2) periodically, according to a predetermined schedule. DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS: Decision support systems (DSS) are a natural progression from information reporting systems and transaction processing systems. Decision support systems are interactive, computer-based information systems that use decision models and specialized database to assist the decision making process of managerial end users. EXECUTIVE INFORMATION SYSTEMS: Executive information systems (EIS) are management information systems tailored to the strategic information needs of top management. Top executives get the information they need from many sources, including letters, memos, periodicals, and reports produced manually as well as by computer systems KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: Knowledge Management systems (KMS), Workers create, organize, and share important business knowledge wherever and whenever it is needed. For example, many knowledge management systems rely on Internet and intranet Web sites, knowledge bases, and discussion forums as key technologies for gathering, storing, and disseminating business knowledge. In this way, knowledge management systems facilitate organization learning and knowledge creation and dissemination within the business enterprise. STRATEGIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS: The strategic role of information systems involves using information technology to develop products, services, and capabilities that give a company strategic advantages over the competitive forces it faces in the global marketplace. This creates strategic information system, information systems that support or shape the competitive position and strategies of an enterprise. So a strategic information system can be any kind of information systems (TPS, MIS, DSS, etc.) that helps an organization gain a competitive advantage, reduce a competitive disadvantage, or meet other strategic enterprise objectives. BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS: As a future managerial end user, it is important for you to realize that information systems directly support both operations and management activities in the business functions of accounting, finance, human resource management, marketing, and operations management. Such business information systems are needed by all business functions. For example, marketing managers need information about sales performance and trends provided by marketing information systems. Financial managers need information concerning financing costs and investment returns provided by financial information systems. INTEGRATED INFORMATION SYSTEM: It is also important to realize that information systems in the real world are typically integrated combinations of several types of information systems we have just mentioned. Thats because conceptual classification of information systems are designed to emphasize the THE SYSTEMS APPROACH: The systems approach to problem solving used a systems orientation to define problems and opportunities and develop solutions. Studying a problem and formulating a solution involve the following interrelated activities: 1. Recognize and define a problem or opportunity using systems thinking. 2. Develop and evaluate alternative system solutions. 3. Select the system solution that best meets your requirements. 4. Design the selected system solution. 5. Implement and evaluate the success of the designed system. DEFINING PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES Problems and opportunities are identified in the first step of the systems approach. A problem can be defined as a basic condition that is causing undesirable results. An opportunity is a basic condition that presents the potential for desirable results. Symptoms must be separated from problems. Symptoms are merely signals of an underlying cause or problem. SYSTEMS THINKING: Systems thinking is to try to find systems, subsystems, and components of systems in any situation your are studying. This viewpoint ensures that important factors and their interrelationships are considered. This is also known as using a systems context, or having a systemic view of a situation. example, the business organization or business process in which a problem or opportunity arises could be viewed as a system of input, processing, output, feedback, and control components. Then to understand a problem and save it, you would determine if these basic system functions are being properly performed. Example The sales function of a business can be viewed as a system. You could then ask: Is poor sales performance (output) caused by inadequate selling effort (input), out-of-date sales procedures (processing), incorrect sales information (feedback), or inadequate sales management (control)? Figure illustrates this concept. C:UserskarlDesktopGraph.jpg SYSTEMS ANALYSIS: It is an in-depth study of end user information needs that produces functional requirements that are used as the basis for the design of a new information system. Systems analysis traditionally involves a detailed study of: 1. The information needs of the organization and end users like yourself. 2. The activities, resources, and products of any present information systems. 3. The information system capabilities required to meet your information needs, and those of other end users. ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS: An organization analysis is an important first step in systems analysis. How can anyone improve an information system if they know very little about the organizational environment in which that system is located? They cant. Thats why the members of a development team have to know something about the ANALYSIS OF THE PRESENT SYSTEM: Before you design a new system, it is important to study the system that will be improved or replaced (if there is one). You need to analyze how this system uses hardware, software, network, and people resources to convert data resources, such as transactions data, into information products, such as reports and displays. Then you should document how the information system activities of input, processing, output, storage, and control are accomplished. Operating Systems: The most important system software package for any computer is its operating system. An operating system is an integrated system of programs that manages the operations of the CPU, controls the input/output and storage resources and activities of the computer system, and provides various support services as the computer executes the application programs of users. The primary purpose of an operating system is to maximize the productivity of a computer system by operating it in the most efficient manner. An operating system minimizes the amount of human intervention required during processing. It helps your application programs perform common operations Database Management Systems. A DBMS program helps organization use their integrated collections of data records and files known as databases. It allows different user application programs to easily access the same database. For example, a DBMS makes it easy for an employee database to be accessed by payroll, employee benefits, and other human resource programs. A DBMS also simplifies the process of retrieving information from databases in the form of displays and reports. Instead of having to write computer programs to extract information, end users can ask simple questions in a query language. Thus, many DBMS packages provide fourth-generation language (4GLs) and other application development features. Examples of popular mainframe and midrange packages are DB2 by IBM and Oracle 8 by Oracle Corporation. Other System Management Programs: Several other types of system management software are marketed as separate programs or are included as part of an operating system. Utility programs, or utilities, are an important example. Programs like Norton Utilities perform miscellaneous housekeeping and file conversion functions. Examples include data backup, data recovery, virus protection, data compression, and file defragmentation. Most operating systems also provide many utilities that perform a variety of helpful chores for computer users. Other examples of system support programs include performance monitors and security monitors. Performance monitors are programs that monitor and adjust the performance and usage of one or more computer systems to keep them running efficiently, Security monitors are packages that monitor and control the use of computer systems and provide warning messages and record evidence of unauthorized use of computer resources. A recent trand is to merge both types of programs into operating systems like Microsofts Windows NT Server, or into system management software like Computer Associates CAUnicenter, that can manage both mainframe systems and servers in a data centre. Advantages and Disadvantages: A high-level language is obviously easier to learn and understand than an assembler language. Also, high-level languages have less-rigid rules, forms, and syntaxes, so the potential for errors is reduced. However, high-level languages programs are usually less efficient than assembler language programs and require a greater amount of computer time for translation into machine instructions. Business Applications of Telecommunications. Telecommunications is the sending of information in any form (e.g., voice, data, text, and images) from one place to another using electronic or light-emitting media. Data communications is a more specific term that describes the transmitting and receiving of data over communication links between one or more computer systems and a variety of input/output terminals. The terms teleprocessing, telematics, and telephony may also be used since they reflect the integration of computer-based information processing with telecommunications and telephone technology. However, all forms of telecommunications now rely heavily on computers and computerized devices. For this reason, the broader term telecommunications can be used as a synonym for data communications activities. Figure illustrates some of the many possible business applications of telecommunications. It groups telecommunications applications into the major categories of enterprise collaboration systems, electronic commerce systems, The Internet Revolution: The explosive growth of the Internet is the revolutionary technology phenomenon of the 1990s. The Internet has become the largest and most important network of networks today, and is evolving into the information superhighway of tomorrow. The Internet is constantly expanding, as more and more businesses and other organizations and their users, computers, and networks join its global web. Thousands of business, educational, and research networks now connect millions of computer systems and users in more than 200 countries to each other. The Internet has also become a key platform for a rapidly expanding list of information and entertainment services and business applications, including enterprise collaboration and electronic commerce systems.

Theories of Motivation and Conflict in the Workplace

Theories of Motivation and Conflict in the Workplace Abstract Conflict in any organization is a matter that can not be avoided. Conflict because from one viewpoint the individuals involved in the organization who have the character, vision, goals, and styles vary. In addition, the interdependence between each other that characterize each organization. Although not all adverse organizational conflict, moreover handled legitimately, can have a positive impact and will benefit the organization all in all. In addition, there should be transparency in managing conflict in organizations and patience as well as all parties involved in awareness and conflict within the organization. Introduction. This conflict is regularly associated with the individuals who are, conflict, violence and destruction. What has always lingered in our minds is the way by which the conflict that can happen, and how to define conflicts and how to handle conflict. The reaction regularly happens in life and cause us stretch, fear and tried to escape from dealing with conflict. At the same time, for individuals who adoration conflict is defined as an individual problem, and so on. Such is the diversity of views and reactions to conflict. The fact that the conflict is human nature. Conflicts are always together and grow dynamically along with human development. Conflicts can happen either on individuals, associations or organizations. At whatever point there is a conflict, obviously, will affect the parties involved either positive or negative from the point that indirectly may affect the performance and productivity of individuals and the organization all in all. In this manner, the perception of confl ict would facilitate forecasting methods, controls, changes and solutions to the problems that exist. In this regard, an initial exercise that needs to be researched is to identify the causes, factors and sorts of conflict, before the conflict management process, ie, problem solving or decision making implemented. Concept and levels of conflict. Conflict is a different idea from the perspective of politicians and members of management. With this, the scope of the investigation is very broad conflict is conflict, for example, family conflict, conflict within the organization, the conflict between the individual, the conflict in the middle of the house and so on. Generally, when there are different goals and different points of view, then there will be a variety of issues and differences in the perception of some aspects of the organization. In addition, the conflict is also defined as any form of dispute within the organization, both among people with one another in the assembly, in the middle between the council and the assembly with assembly or organization can also between the individual and the organization in general. Although the conflict refers to the need, importance, to something or someone in the middle of both parties with conflicting views. In my opinion, the conflict can be divided into two stages: the macro level and micro level. The macro-level conflicts usually occur at the level of institutions and conflicts are rare, for example, conflict is a conflict singles macro itself. Therefore, the micro-level conflict is like interpersonal and between organizations, it often happens in any place, for example between two or more parties. Process of Conflict. In addition, methods of conflict consists of four stages: first a potential conflict or incompatibility which is a source of conflict which is divided into three categories; communication, structure and personal variables. This is due to the differences and disputes between communities. Also, brains and personality conflicts will occur when viewed by the parties involved and bring the parties involved in emotions that lead to dissatisfaction, hate and fear. Therefore, there will be tension or pressure on the parties involved. Third is the intention to make the decision to act in a way misguidedly and causes disturbed or negative effects on the individual. Fourth is the action in which he makes the conflict became apparent that includes a statement issued, the action taken and the response by the parties involved in the conflict. This conflict will arise between individuals who do not take seriously in conflict. Resolving conflict in a team. Various ways that we can fathom conflicts like listening to all opinions or viewpoints of the actors involved and concentrated on talks on facts and behavior, not on feelings or personal elements. In addition, we also need to get the agreement and responsibility to find a solution and give encouragement to all parties to the conflict to cooperate to take care of problems accurately. All parties involved ought to play an important part in addressing conflict from spreading and provide an opportunity for all parties involved in the conflict to express his opinion. Identify conflicts are also important in resolving the conflict because this activity is necessary and requires special expertise. Conflicts can arise from a particular source or base of the problem, however the problem into a conflict if not managed with great emotions. Accordingly, we must pick which one to this problem, which became a problem because of emotional things. This problem is the underlying emotional conflicts w hile just exacerbate the problem alone. With this, we can handle the conflict regularly and can produce decent human beings. Theories of motivation and its effectiveness In prioritizing Herzberg two-factor hypothesis that encourages employees motivated intrinsic factor, namely the impetus arising from within oneself, and extrinsic factors, namely the impetus coming from outside oneself, especially from the organization where she lived up to expectations. Intrinsically motivated employees who delighted in the work that will enable utilization of reactivity and innovation, working with a high level of autonomy and dont have to be watched nearly. Satisfaction here is not primarily associated with the acquisition of things that are material. Instead, they are more motivated by extrinsic factors have a tendency to look to what is given to them by the organization and its work is directed to the acquisition of the things he wanted from the organization. According to Frederick Herzberg said that there are certain factors in the workplace that can lead to employment satisfaction, while in different parts there are also different factors that may cause dissat isfaction. With this, satisfaction and occupation dissatisfaction related to each other. In this way, divided into two specific factors in the workplace is by Frederick Herzberg identified as hygiene factors and motivation. Hygiene Factors Hygiene factors (health factors) is an important factor for their work motivation in the workplace. These factors do not lead to positive long-term satisfaction. At the same time if these factors are not present, then the dissatisfaction that. These factors are extrinsic to work. Hygiene factors also referred to as dissatisfaction or maintenance factors necessary to avoid dissatisfaction. Hygiene factors (health factors) is the image of the needs of individual physiological factors that are believed to be fulfilled. Hygiene (health factors) include salaries, personal life, the quality of supervision, working conditions, the stability of the employer, the relationship between the personal, intelligence and corporate governance. According to the hygiene factor / extrinsic factors Herzberg will not further the interests of workers to form it big, but if these factors cannot be considered satisfactory in many respects, for example, inadequate wages, working conditions unpleasant, factors that will be spring potential discontent. Motivation Factors Satisfaction creates a positive motivating factor. In addition, there are factors in the workplace and motivate employees to excel work called satiety factor. Employees only find motivation factors intrinsic value (satiety factor). Motivator which symbolizes psychological needs is seen as an additional benefit. Factors associated with achievement motivation job content protection, recognition, challenging work, improvement and development in the job. In addition, factors intrinsic motivation is a factor that promotes the spirit to achieve higher employment. Meanwhile, the high level of satisfaction of needs motivation allows one to form a more than satisfying needs lower. Meanwhile, there is also a motivating factor according to Herzberg is working itself achievement, opportunities for advancement, recognition of others, and responsibility. In general hygienic factors, for example, salaries and employee relations support associate to survive in the workplace. Salary will only deliver instant motivation. However not in the capacity factor of motivation, for example, the appointment of permanent staff. Cause a decrease in employee motivation to work. To motivate subordinates. Job satisfaction is basically something individual. Most individuals have a level of satisfaction vary and in accordance with the prevailing value system in itself. When assessed against the perceived height of the votes in accordance with the wishes of the individual, the higher the satisfaction of such activities. With this, an outline of job satisfaction can be interpreted as being pleasant or unpleasant, which looked officer of jobs. According to Herzberg behavioral traits that satisfied employees are those who have a high motivation to work. In addition, they are also more than happy to do his job, while its workers are less satisfied they are lazy to go to work at the workplace, and lazy in doing their jobs. Therefore, it can be concluded that job satisfaction is a feeling or attitude of someone in their work, which can be affected by various factors, both internal factors and external factors. Motivation or encouragement movement behavior of organisms is continuing to carry out an activity that is stimulated by incentives. With this, the existence of behavior because of physiological or psychological stretch and leading to the achievement of a goal. In addition, the driving motivation is a desire to be effective and to achieve something. Motivation can also be regarded as a stimulus for the achievement of a stimulus or to avoid failure. Individuals who have the motivation means he has already acquired the ability to exceed expectations in life. Conclusion Conflict is a part of human life that can never be settled all through the history of mankind. Sociologically, the conflict is defined as a social process between two or more persons where one party looks to prohibit different parties to pulverize it or make it frail. In addition, the conflict is motivated by differences in the characteristics of the individual got an interaction. Examples of these differences are related to the physical characteristics, information, understanding, beliefs, customs, and so on. Individual characteristics also participate in social interaction. Therefore, conflict is a desirable situation in each community and not a society that has never had any conflicts between members or with other community bunches. References http://www.dawama.com/Pengurusan-Konflik/q?pid=1752doit=order http://cintahatikami.blogspot.com/2012/04/konflik-dalam-organisasi.html http://capoenk-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/6-cara-menyelesaikan-konflik-secara.html http://perilakuorganisasi.com/teori-erg.html Silhanek, B. and Decenzo, D.A. (2007) Human Relations: Personal and Professional Development. London: Prentice Hall. Robbins, S.P. nad Judge, T.A. (2009) Organisational Behaviour. 5th and. London: Prentice Hall.

The Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome Essays -- traumatic, neurogenic

There is a variety of different types of shock and each type can be caused by many different things. â€Å"Shock is classified as cardiogenic (caused by heart failure); neurogenic or vasogenic (caused by alterations in vascular smooth muscle tone); anaphylactic (caused by hypersensitivity); septic (caused by infection); or hypovolemic (caused by insufficient intravascular fluid volume)† (Huether, McCance, 2010, pp.1696-1697). There is also traumatic shock which is similar to hypovolemic shock and septic shock. Each case of shock is important and needs to be monitored carefully. One type of shock to consider is neurogenic shock. Neurogenic shock is often referred to as vasogenic shock. This type of shock generally occurs from an imbalance of stimulation of vascular smooth muscle. â€Å"Neurogenic shock can be caused by any factor that stimulates parasympathetic activity or inhibits sympathetic activity of vascular smooth muscle† (Huether, McCance, 2010, pp. 1702). One of the factors that can cause neurogenic shock is trauma to the spinal cord. For example, a man named John Jackson suffered a spinal cord injury after being involved in a motorcycle accident; he will likely suffer from neurogenic shock as well. While he is in neurogenic shock however, he has not lost any fluid from vasculature. This is possible because when the spinal cord is injured there can also be injury to the nerve that controls the blood vessels width (Shock, 2013). This leads to a drop in blood pressure because the blood vessels relax and expand, thus leading to a lack of loss of fluid from vasculature. Even though the individu al is in neurogenic shock, the type of injury that is causing the shock can alter what the patient is experiencing. A patient that has a diff... ...6, January). From Inflammation to MODS: Stopping Sepsis in its Tracks. In Lippincott's Nursing Center. Retrieved December 11, 2013, from http://www.nursingcenter.com/lnc/static?pageid=733523 Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2010). Pathophysiology- The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children (sixth ed., pp. 1696-1727). Maryland Heights, MO: Mosby Elsevier. Marshall, J. C. (2001). The Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome. In NCBI. Retrieved December 11, 2013, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6868/ Sheridan, R. L. (2013, June 10). Initial Evaluation and Management of the Burn Patient. In Medscape. Retrieved December 11, 2013, from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/435402-overview#showall Shock. (2013, February). In Better Health Channel. Retrieved December 11, 2013, from http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Shock

Masculinity, Femininity and Simone Benmussa’s Singular Life of Albert N

Masculinity, Femininity and Simone Benmussa’s Singular Life of Albert Nobbs The semiotics of traditional theatrical form reinforce an oppressive patriarchal system. The physical body becomes the catalyst by which gender is assigned and expected. This emphasis on the body is amplified in the theater. Simone Benmussa’s play The Singular Life of Albert Nobbs, adapted from the short story by George Moore, deals with issues of femininity and masculinity and how these are portrayed within the theater as well as how theater is formed by the traditional patriarchal gaze. This play also deals with issues of class and how class status is intrinsically tied to gender, gender performance and sexuality. Through the example of this play it is seen that a form of theater which creates and maintains the woman as subject rather than object (as Sue-Ellen Case proposes) cannot be truly realized until the performative nature and many issues inherent in masculinity are acknowledged and processed. Here also is an excellent case study of how the politics of the theater are deeply rooted in body politics and gender essentialism. All of these factors contribute to the play’s overall complexity in matters surrounding and pertaining to the performative nature of masculinity and the manner in which masculinities are brought forth on stage and how that differs from femininity on stage. One of the central themes of theatrical form is identity and the catalyst by which identity is formed is the body. In using the body as the site of formation of individual identity, women are â€Å"uniquely identified with their anatomy† and specifically the parts of their anatomy that differ from that of men (Callaghan 30). Because women are thus defined by their relation ... ... femininity and female masculinity are brought under scrutiny. Works Cited: Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble. New York, Routledge. 1990 Callaghan, Dympna. Shakespeare Without Women: Representing Gender and Race on the Renaissance Stage. New York, Routledge. 2000 Case, Sue-Ellen. Towards a New Poetics. from Feminism and Theater. New York, Methuen. 1988 Gardiner, Judith Kegan. Introduction. from Masculinity Studies & Feminist Theory. (also ed.) New York, Columbia University Press. 2002 Halberstam, Judith. The Good, The Bad, and the Ugly. from Masculinity Studies & Feminist Theory. ed Judith Kegan Gardiner. New York, Columbia University Press. 2002 Hopkins, Patrick D. Gender Treachery: Homophobia, Masculinity, and Threatened Identities. Kano, Ayako. Acting Like A Woman in Modern Japan: Theater, Gender, and Nationalism. New York, Palgrave. 2001

Reluctant Collectivists Essay

The events of the 20th century, especially of its first part had brought a lot of things to think over in political and economical sphere. The global economical crisis of the 1930ies and the War time had proved there have to be changes made in the regulation of the political and social relationships as well as in the government policy. Time showed that for consistent and stable development of the country there as to special welfare social programs that would defend all classes of the society.    Reluctant collectivists proposed that there has to be state intervention in the country’s economy that would execute the role of ‘mechanism for making good the failure of the market to control avoidable ills’, but they didn’t have a purpose of using it as the only instrument for economical change.    Two of the most known reluctant collectivists Keynes and Beveridge are known to be the founders of the British Welfare sate. They strongly believed in the concept of free market relations, and the minimization of the state intervention by their opinion would maximize the efficiency of economics, political and social freedoms.   Ã‚  Ã‚   But still reluctant collectivists argued that for a wide variety of political and economical reasons the market in the free society was not working on the ideal level as it was noted by economic theorists. The economical problems and social issues that Great Britain faced during and after WW2 motivated the need of state regulation, as they proposed. By their opinion the economical waste and instability may discredit parliamentary democracy and gave the birth to mistrust to the government.    Even though that reluctant collectivists were in favor of state regulations and intervention of state to the market and economics of the country in the serious period of economical situation, they still didn’t fully support social insurance system. By their opinion the organization of social security is not the state’s problem, the assistance schemes of the government according to reluctant collectivists should simply include the guarantee of living income for each citizen. And that’s why the living standards above the minimum wage have to be gained by individuals themselves.    The philosophical premises of the reluctant collectivism are originated in the theories of free market, which is considered to be the best mechanism that insures initiative of the individual and hence political freedom.   But here comes the question: if there has to be a need in state regulation of market and economical relations how much of the intervention is needed for that. The obvious answer is the following: the weakness and the strengths of the market have to be analyzed first. This pragmatism puts reluctant collectivists close to the conservatives, whose philosophy accepts the preserving of the best that remains from the past, while adopting new things that are most likely to change the situation for better.    Justification of their political aims and program by reluctant collectivists during the period of serious economical issues in the UK helped Conservatives to come to power in 1950ies and 1960ies. But still the theory of â€Å"reluctant collectivism† that seems to rapidly react on the changes in state’s market and economy can not fully answer the question what is good for the further development of market that doesn’t face problems. As the result the existing problems in understanding of the market development program caused the contradictions in the views of conservatives and those who belonged to reluctant collectivists. The understanding of the market virtues by reluctant collectivists didn’t give the chance for introducing and practicing economical and market reforms. As a result most of their programs lost their actuality in 1960ies. Reference George. V. & Wilding, P(1985). The Reluctant collectivists. In ideology and social welfare(pp.44-68). New York: Routledge.

Sociology and Recreational Facilities

I am glad to have been given this opportunity to talk to you today. The title of my speech is ‘Social ills among teenagers'. A lot has been said about the deviant behavior of teenagers. Our education system, the media, teenagers themselves and their parents have been blamed. here is no need to point an accusing finger at any particular group, but keeping mum over the issue is tantamount to condoning it. Our youths are our most valuable assets. They are the future leaders of the nation. The harm has already been done and it is now up to us to undo it.One of the main reasons why our youths go astray may be the lack of parental supervision. Nowadays, both parents go out to work. Children are left in the care of foreign maids and child-minders. As a result, they are faced with the threat of the disintegration of the family values and thus, the rising trend in social ills and crimes among teenagers. Parents should closely monitor the activities of their children and be understanding . When parents are often too busy pursuing their own careers to spare some thought for the welfare of their children, children grow up with little religious or moral guidance.When they do not get love and attention at home, they seek attention from others who may or may not come from similar backgrounds. Thus, the social ills affecting our youth may be a reflection of a much larger problem, such as the disintegration of the family unit. Ladies and gentlemen, the media may also play a part in the moral degradation among teenagers. Television programs which show violence and sex and glorify other negative aspects should be restricted.There should also be stricter enforcement of the ban on pornographic material. Teenagers with little or nothing to do during their spare time usually take to the streets. Therefore, recreational facilities such as those found in sports complexes should be available to all youths. at present, existing recreational facilities seem to either be exclusively f or the rich or for older people. the establishment of teen clubs and community centers, that do not charge high fees and that specially target teenagers, should be given top priority.In conclusion, ladies and gentlemen, everyone, including religious, educational and social institutions, as well as individuals and the media, must cooperate with the authorities to combat the social ills afflicting our teenagers. It is important that people, especially youths, do not get into the rut of moral decay. There should be a thorough study of the problem before a proper strategy can be mapped out to channel our youths towards healthier lifestyles. Thank you for your kind attention and have a nice day.